From October
2001 Update
CHAPTER 1. GENDER DISCRIMINATION AND SEXUAL
HARASSMENT
I. INTRODUCTION
A. Title VII
1. Overview
§1:00 Coverage and Scope
§1:10 Procedures
2. Title VII Causes of Action
§1:20 Introduction to Title VII Causes of Action
§1:30 Disparate Treatment Overview
§1:30.10 Indirect Evidence
§1:30.20 Direct Evidence
§1:40 Disparate Impact
§1:50 Retaliation
§1:60 Pregnancy Discrimination
§1:70 Sexual Harassment
§1:70.10 History of Sexual Harassment Law
§1:70.20 Quid Pro Quo Harassment
§1:70.30 Hostile Environment Harassment
§1:70.40 Recent Supreme Court Cases
3. Defenses
§1:80 Defenses
4. Damages
§1:90 Damages
B. Equal Pay Act
§1:100 Equal Pay Act
C. 42 U.S.C. §1983
§1:110 42 U.S.C. §1983
§1:120–§1:190 (reserved)
II. TITLE VII JURY INSTRUCTIONS, INTERROGATORIES,
AND VERDICT FORMS
A. In General
§1:200 Nature of Allegations
§1:210 Statute Defining Title VII Claim
§1:220 “Gender”
§1:230 “Sexual Stereotyping”
§1:240 Same Sex Discrimination
§1:250 Preponderance of the Evidence
§1:260 Statute of Limitations
§1:270 Statute of Limitations—Continuing Violations
§1:280 Question Regarding Statute of Limitations
§1:290 (reserved)
B. Title VII Causes of Action
1. Disparate Treatment
§1:300 Direct vs. Indirect Evidence
a. Indirect Evidence (Pretext Analysis)
(1) McDonnell Douglas Instruction Set
(a) Prima Facie Case
§1:310 Elements of Prima Facie Case
§1:320 E.E.O.C.’s Proposed Jury Instruction
(b) Defense
§1:330 Defense: Lawful (Legitimate, Nondiscriminatory) Reason
(c) Rebuttal: Pretext
§1:340 “Pretext”
§1:350 Method of Proving Pretext
(2) Motivating Factor (Ultimate Issue) Instruction Set
(a) Causes of Action
§1:360 Elements of Cause of Action
§1:370 Pattern or Practice Claim
§1:380 Constructive Discharge
§1:390 Constructive Discharge—Alternate
§1:400 Interrogatories for Borderline Pretext/Mixed Motive Constructive
Discharge Case
(b) Burden of Proof
§1:410 Plaintiff’s Burden
§1:420 “Motivating Factor”
§1:430 Motivating Factor—Substantial Role
§1:440 Motivating Factor—“But For”
§1:450 Pretext
§1:460 “Determinative Factor”
(c) Interrogatories
§1:470 Interrogatory—Pretext Case
§1:480 “Same Decision” Interrogatory
§1:490 Interrogatories for Borderline Pretext/Mixed Motive Cases
b. Direct Evidence (Mixed Motive Analysis)
(1) Elements of a Cause of Action
§1:500 General Instruction
§1:510 “Direct Evidence”
§1:520 “Mixed Motive”
§1:530 Interrogatory—“Mixed-Motive”
(2) Defenses
§1:540 “Same Decision”
2. Disparate Impact
§1:550 “Disparate Impact”
§1:560 Alternative Employment Practice
§1:570 Consideration of Statistics as Evidence
§1:580 Pattern or Practice Claim
§1:590 Defense: Business Necessity
§1:600 Jury Questions
3. Failure to Pay Comparable Compensation
a. McDonnell Douglas Instruction Set
§1:610 Prima Facie Case
§1:620 Defense and Plaintiff’s Rebuttal
b. Motivating Factor (Ultimate Issue) Instruction Set
§1:630 Elements of Cause of Action—Short Form
§1:640 Elements of Cause of Action—Long Form
§1:650 “Mixed Motive”
4. Retaliation Claims
§1:660 “Retaliation”
§1:670 Essential Elements
§1:680 Essential Elements—Alternate
§1:690 Essential Elements—Protesting Sexual Harassment
§1:700 Reasonable Basis for Belief Is Sufficient
§1:710 “Acquiescence” and “Adverse Action”
§1:720 “Mixed Motive” and “Pretext” Cases
§1:730 Interrogatories—Retaliation
5. Pregnancy Discrimination
§1:740 Pregnancy Discrimination Act Provisions
§1:750 Pregnancy Discrimination as Sex Discrimination
§1:760 Essential Elements
§1:770 Same Decision Defense
§1:780 “Mixed Motive Case”—Damages
6. “Gender-Plus” Discrimination
§1:790 Coverage Under Act
§1:800 Marital/Parental Status Verdict Form
7. Sexual Harassment
a. Overview
§1:810 “Sexual Harassment”
§1:820 Sexual Harassment—Alternate
§1:830 Sexual Harassment—Explanation
§1:840 Reasonable Person Standard
§1:850 Totality of Circumstances
§1:860 Conditioning Job Benefits on Submission to Sexual Advances
§1:870 “Unwelcome Conduct”
§1:880 Unwelcome Conduct—Examples
b. Tangible Employment Action Taken
§1:890 “Tangible Employment Action”
§1:900 Liability When Tangible Employment Action Taken
§1:901 Essential Elements (By Supervisor with Tangible Employment
Action)
§1:910 Liability when Tangible Employment Action Taken—Short Form
c. No Tangible Employment Action Taken
§1:920 Liability When No Tangible Employment Action Taken
§1:921 Essential Elements (By Supervisor with No Tangible Employment
Action)
§1:922 Essential Elements (By Nonsupervisor with No Tangible Employment
Action)
d. Vicarious Liability
§1:930 Vicarious Liability for Sexual Harassment
§1:940 Vicarious Liability—Corporation
§1:950 “Supervisor”
§1:960 “Supervisory Status”
e. Defense
§1:970 Defense
§1:980 Defenses When No Tangible Employment Action Taken
§1:981 Affirmative Defense (For Use in Cases with No Tangible
Employment Action)
§1:990 Employer’s Action
§1:1000 Instruction Regarding Use of Grievance Procedure
f. Jury Questions
§1:1010 Jury Questions—Sexual Harassment
§1:1020 Verdict Form—Sexual Harassment
§1:1030 (reserved)
C. Evidentiary Issues in Evaluating Title VII Cases
1. Statements in the Workplace
§1:1040 Statements Made in the Workplace
§1:1050 Statements Made in The Workplace—Need Not Be Same Actor or
Time Frame
§1:1060 Example of Statements Made in Workplace
2. Statistical Evidence
§1:1070 Consideration of Statistics as Evidence
§1:1080 Relevance of Percentage of Employees in Protected Class
3. Other Types of Evidence
§1:1090 Gender as Evidence of Discrimination
§1:1100 Speculation as Evidence of
Discrimination
§1:1110 Favorable Treatment of Some Males or
Females
D. Defenses and Limitations on Damages
1. General Defenses
a. Business Judgment
§1:1120 Business Judgment—Harsh or
Unreasonable (short form)
§1:1130 Business Judgment—Any Reason That
Is Not Discriminatory (Long Form)
b. Same Actor
§1:1140 Same Actor Inference
2. Affirmative Defenses
a. Bona Fide Occupational Qualification
§1:1150 Bona Fide Occupational Qualification
§1:1160 Bona Fide Occupational
Qualification—Reasonable Belief That All Men or Women Cannot Perform Job
b. Bona Fide Seniority System
§1:1170 Bona Fide Seniority System
c. After-Acquired Evidence
§1:1180 Same Decision—Discharge
§1:1190 Same Decision—Failure To Hire,
Failure To Promote, Failure To Pay Comparable Compensation, Demotion
E. Damages
1. Actual Damages
a. General
§1:1200 Damages—Instruction Not an Indication of Entitlement
§1:1210 Calculation of Actual Damages
§1:1220 Calculation of Damages—Present Value
b. Compensatory Damages
§1:1230 Compensatory Damages
§1:1240 Compensatory Damages—Alternate
§1:1250 Value of Lost Medical and Life Insurance Benefits
c. Backpay
§1:1260 Discharge
§1:1270 Failure to Promote
§1:1280 Failure to Promote—Stipulated Damages
d. Front Pay
§1:1290 “Front Pay”
2. Nominal Damages
§1:1300 Nominal Damages
3. Punitive Damages
§1:1310 Long Form—Factors
§1:1311 “Maliciously” Defined
§1:1312 Punitive Damages—Eighth Circuit
§1:1320 Punitive Damages—Shocking and Offensive
§1:1330 Short Form
§1:1340 Factors to Be Considered
4. Mitigation of Damages
§1:1350 Mitigation of Damages
§1:1360 Mitigation of Damages—Alternate
F. Verdict Forms
§1:1370 General Verdict Form
§1:1380–§1:1990 (reserved)
III. EQUAL PAY ACT JURY INSTRUCTIONS, INTERROGATORIES, AND VERDICT FORMS
A. Elements
§1:2000 Act Defined
§1:2010 EPA (29 U.S.C. §206(d)(1))
§1:2020 Essential Elements of Claim
B. Definitions
§1:2030 Substantially Equal
§1:2040 “Substantially Equal” Discussion
§1:2050 Equal Skill
§1:2060 Equal Effort
§1:2070 Equal Responsibility
§1:2080 Job Titles
§1:2090 Rates of Pay
§1:2100 Comparable Time Periods
§1:2110 Comparable Male or Female
C. Defenses
§1:2120 Affirmative Defenses
D. Damages
§1:2130 Damages
§1:2140 Willfulness
E. Jury Questions
§1:2150 Jury Questions
§1:2160–§1:2990 (reserved)
IV. 42 U.S.C. §1983 INSTRUCTIONS AND VERDICT FORMS
A. Statutory Language
§1:3000 42 U.S.C. §1983
B. Causes of Action
§1:3010 Essential Elements
§1:3011 Essential Elements—Alternate
§1:3020 Promotion or Pay Raise
§1:3030 “Under Color or Law”
§1:3031 “Under Color or Law”—Alternate
§1:3040 “Motivating Factor”
§1:3041 “Motivating Factor” and “Cause In Fact”
§1:3050 “Deliberate Indifference”
C. Municipal Liability
§1:3060 Municipal Liability
§1:3070 “Official Policy”
§1:3080 “Official Policymakers”
D. Damages
§1:3090 Nominal Damages
§1:3100 Actual Damages
§1:3110 Punitive Damages
§1:3120 Mitigation of Damages
E. Verdict Form
§1:3130 Verdict Form
CHAPTER 2. AGE DISCRIMINATION
I. INTRODUCTION
A. Overview
§2:00 Coverage and Scope
§2:10 Comparison with Title VII
B. Theories of Discrimination
§2:20 Disparate Treatment
§2:20.10 Indirect Evidence
§2:20.10.10 Prima Facie Case Analysis
§2:20.10.20 Motivating Factor Analysis
§2:20.20 Direct Evidence
§2:30 Disparate Impact
§2:40 Retaliation
§2:50 Hostile Work Environment
C. Evidentiary Issues
§2:60 General Evidentiary Issues
§2:70 Statistics
D. Defenses
§2:80 Overview
§2:90 General Defenses
§2:100 Affirmative Defenses
E. Damages
§2:110 Overview
§2:120 Backpay
§2:130 Front Pay
§2:140 Liquidated Damages
§2:150 Offsets to Damages
F. Older Workers Benefit Protection Act
§2:160 Coverage and Scope
§2:170–§2:190 (reserved)
II. JURY INSTRUCTIONS, INTERROGATORIES,
AND VERDICT FORMS
A. Prohibited Acts, Coverage, Standards
§2:200 Unlawful Acts by Employer
§2:201 Nature of Claim—Eighth Circuit
§2:210 “Employer”
§2:220 “Single Employer”
§2:230 “Employee”
§2:240 Plaintiff’s Burden
§2:250 Standard of Proof
B. Theories of Discrimination
1. Disparate Treatment
§2:260 Direct vs. Indirect Evidence
§2:261 Preliminary Jury Instruction—Ninth Circuit
§2:262 Elements & Burden of Proof—Failure or Refusal to
Hire—No Affirmative Defense—Ninth Circuit
a. Indirect Evidence
(1) McDonnell Douglas Instruction Set
(a) Prima Facie Case—Elements
§2:270 Prima Facie Case
§2:271 Age Discrimination—Fifth Circuit
§2:280 “Qualified” for Position
§2:281 Qualified for Position—Failure to Promote
§2:290 “Adverse Employment Action”
§2:300 “Constructive Discharge”
§2:301 Constructive Discharge—“Intolerable”
§2:302 Discharge—Elements & Burden of Proof—Ninth Circuit
(b) Defense—Legitimate, Nondiscriminatory Reason
§2:310 Legitimate, Nondiscriminatory Reason
(c) Rebuttal—Pretext
§2:320 Falsity of Reason
§2:321 NonProduction
(2) Motivating Factor (Ultimate Issue) Instruction Set
§2:330 Elements
§2:331 Essential Elements—Alternate
§2:340 “A Determining Factor”
§2:350 “A Motivating Factor”
b. Direct Evidence
§2:360 Age as Motivating Factor
§2:370 Same Decision
2. Disparate Impact
§2:380 Elements
§2:381 Elements & Burden of Proof—Ninth Circuit
§2:382 Preliminary Jury Instructions—Ninth Circuit
§2:390 Statistical Evidence
§2:400 Defense—Business Necessity
§2:401 Defense—Business Necessity—Ninth Circuit
3. Retaliation
§2:410 Prima Facie Case
§2:411 Causation—Temporal Proximity
§2:420 Summary of Claim
4. Hostile Work Environment
§2:430 Elements
§2:431 Essential Elements (By Supervisor with Tangible Employment
Action)
§2:432 Essential Elements (By Supervisor with No Tangible Employment
Action)
§2:433 Essential Elements (By Nonsupervisor with No Tangible Employment
Action)
§2:434 Affirmative Defense (For Use in Cases with No Tangible
Employment Action)
C. Evidentiary Issues
(1) Age of Replacement
§2:440 Member of Protected Class
(2) Less Favorable Treatment
§2:450 Less Favorable Treatment Than Non-Protected Individuals
(3) Statements Made in the Workplace
§2:460 Age-Related Remarks
§2:470 Single Remark
§2:480 Remarks—Seniority or Length of Service
(4) Reduction in Force
§2:490 Reduction in Force
§2:491 “Mini-RIF”—Single Plaintiff
(5) Statistics
§2:500 Statistics
§2:510 Statistics—Must Compare Relevant Populations
§2:520 Statistical Evidence—Weight
D. Defenses
1. General Defenses
a. Business Judgment
(1) Permissible Business Judgments
§2:530 Good Faith Errors
§2:540 Business Judgment
(2) Impermissible Business Judgments
§2:550 Salary Savings—Hiring
§2:560 Salary Savings—Replacement
b. Same Actor Inference
§2:570 Same Actor Inference
§2:580 Same Actor Inference—Home Office
c. Other Legitimate, Nondiscriminatory Reasons
§2:590 Unsatisfactory Job Performance
§2:600 Reduction in Workforce
2. Affirmative Defenses
a. Bona Fide Occupational Qualification
§2:610 General
§2:611 Bona Fide Occupational Qualification—Ninth Circuit
§2:620 Safety Risk
b. Bona Fide Seniority/Benefits Systems
§2:630 Bona Fide Seniority System
§2:631 Bona Fide Seniority System—Ninth Circuit
§2:640 Bona Fide Seniority System—Short Form
§2:650 Bona Fide Employee Benefit Plan
§2:651 Bona Fide Employee Benefit Plan—Ninth Circuit
§2:660 Bona Fide Executive Exemption
§2:670 Tenure Exemption
c. Lack of Qualifications
§2:680 Lack of Qualifications
d. After-Acquired Evidence
§2:690 After-Acquired Evidence
E. Damages
§2:700 Overview of Damages
§2:701 Actual Damages
1. Backpay
§2:710 Backpay
2. Front Pay
§2:720 Front Pay
3. Liquidated Damages
§2:730 Liquidated Damages—Overview
§2:731 Liquidated Damages—Ninth Circuit
§2:740 “Willfulness”—Short Form
§2:741 “Willfulness”—Short Form—Alternate
§2:750 “Willfulness”—Long Form
§2:760 Evidence to Consider
4. Offsets to Damages
§2:770 After-Acquired Evidence
§2:780 Failure to Mitigate
§2:781 Reduction—Mitigation—Ninth Circuit
F. Severance Agreements
§2:790 ADEA and the Older Worker Benefits Protection
Act—“Knowing and Voluntary” Waiver
G. Verdict Forms
§2:800 Verdict
CHAPTER 3. RACE DISCRIMINATION
I. INTRODUCTION
A. Title VII Claims
1. Overview
§3:00 Coverage and Scope
§3:10 Procedures
2. Theories of Discrimination
§3:20 Introduction
§3:30 Disparate Treatment
§3:30.10 Indirect/Burden-Shifting Method
§3:30.10.10 Prima Facie Case
§3:30.10.20 Defense: Legitimate, Nondiscriminatory Reason
§3:30.10.30 Rebuttal: Pretext
§3:30.10.40 Caution Regarding Use of McDonnell Douglas Burden-Shifting
Analysis
§3:30.20 Direct Method
§3:40 Disparate Impact
§3:50 Retaliation
§3:60 Harassment (Hostile Work Environment)
3. Defenses
§3:70 Defenses
4. Damages
§3:80 Damages
B. 42 U.S.C. §1981 Claims
§3:90 42 U.S.C. §1981
II. TITLE VII JURY INSTRUCTIONS
A. Overview
§3:100 “Race Discrimination”
§3:110 “Protected Class—Status”
§3:111 Discrimination by Association
§3:112 Reverse Discrimination
§3:113 Protected Class—Inference
§3:120 “Employer”
§3:130 “Employee”
§3:140 Standard of Proof
§3:150 Plaintiff’s Burden
§3:160 Continuing Violation
B. Theories of Discrimination
1. Disparate Treatment
§3:170 Evidence of Race Discrimination
§3:180 Discriminatory Animus—Different Treatment
a. Indirect/Burden-Shifting Method
§3:190 Presentation of Proof
(1) McDonnell Douglas Instruction Set
(a) Prima Facie Case
§3:200 Prima Facie Case
§3:201 Prima Facie Case—Reverse Discrimination
§3:210 “Qualified for Position”
§3:211 Qualified for Position—Failure to Promote
§3:220 “Adverse Employment Action”
§3:230 “Constructive Discharge”
§3:231 Constructive Discharge—“Intolerable”
(b) Defense: Legitimate, Nondiscriminatory Reason
§3:240 Legitimate, Nondiscriminatory Reason
(c) Rebuttal: Pretext
§3:250 Falsity of Reason
(2) Motivating Factor (Ultimate Issue) Instruction Set
§3:260 Determining/Motivating Factor
b. Direct Method
§3:270 ‘Mixed Motives’—Proof of Discriminatory Animus
§3:280 Defense: Same Decision
§3:281 Defense – Same Decision—Retaliation
2. Disparate Impact
§3:290 Disparate Impact
§3:300 Business Necessity Defense
§3:310 Reasonable Alternative Practice
3. Retaliation
§3:320 Prima Facie Case
§3:330 Protected Activity
§3:340 “Adverse Action”
§3:350 Causation
§3:360 Legitimate, Nondiscriminatory Reasons
§3:370 Pretext
4. Harassment
§3:380 Hostile Work Environment
§3:381 Essential Elements (By Supervisor with Tangible Employment
Action)
§3:382 Essential Elements (By Supervisor with No Tangible Employment
Action)
§3:383 Essential Elements (By Nonsupervisor with No Tangible Employment
Action)
§3:384 Affirmative Defense (For Use in Cases with No Tangible
Employment Action)
§3:385 Harassment by Co-Worker
C. Evidentiary Issues
§3:390 Statements Made in the Workplace
§3:400 Statistics
§3:410 Reduction in Force
§3:420 Replacement by Another Member of Protected Class
D. Defenses
§3:430 Business Judgment
§3:440 Same Actor
§3:450 Bona Fide Seniority System
§3:460 After-Acquired Evidence
E. Damages
§3:470 General Instruction
§3:480 Backpay
§3:490 Compensatory Damages
§3:500 Punitive Damages
§3:510—§3:590 (reserved)
III. 42 U.S.C. §1981 INSTRUCTIONS
§3:600 Race Discrimination—§1981
§3:610 Race Discrimination—§1981—Essential Elements
§3:620 Race Discrimination—§1981—Actual Damages
§3:630 Race Discrimination—§1981—Nominal Damages
§3:640 Race Discrimination—§1981—Punitive Damages
§3:650 Race Discrimination—§1981—Verdict Form
IV. 42 U.S.C. §1983 Instructions
§3:700 Race Discrimination—§1983
§3:710 Actual Damages—§1983
§3:720 Nominal Damages—§1983
§3:730 Punitive Damages—§1983
§3:740 Verdict Form—§1983
CHAPTER 4. DISABILITY DISCRIMINATION
I. INTRODUCTION
A. Americans With Disabilities Act of 1990
§4:00 Overview
§4:10 Definitions
§4:20 Reasonable Accommodation
§4:30 Causes of Action
§4:30.10 Disparate Treatment
§4:30.10.10 Indirect Evidence/“Pretext” Cases
§4:30.10.20 Direct Evidence/“Mixed-Motive” Cases
§4:30.20 Disparate Impact
§4:30.30 Retaliation
§4:30.40 Harassment
§4:40 Defenses
§4:50 Damages
B. The Rehabilitation Act of 1973
§4:60 Overview
§4:70–§4:90 (reserved)
II. JURY INSTRUCTIONS, INTERROGATORIES, VERDICT FORMS
A. Americans with Disabilities Act
1. Overview
§4:100 Summary of ADA Claim
§4:110 Statutory Language
§4:120 Statute—Short Form
§4:130 Preemption of Other Laws
§4:140 Statute of Limitations and Continuing Violations
§4:150 Interrogatory Regarding Statute of Limitations
2. Definitions
a. Disability
§4:160 “Disability”
§4:170 “Disability”—Short Form
§4:180 “Disability”—Perceived Limitation
§4:190 When Physical Impairment Equals a Disability
§4:200 Drug Addiction as Disability
§4:210 “Major Life Activity”—Functions Involved
§4:220 “Major Life Activity”—Narrow Range of Jobs
§4:230 “Individual With a Disability”
§4:240 Interrogatory—Impairment
b. Qualified Individual With a Disability
§4:250 “Qualified Individual With a Disability”
§4:260 “Qualified Individual With a
Disability”—Employer’s Judgment
§4:270 Interrogatory—“Qualified Individual With a
Disability”
§4:280 “Essential Functions of Position”
§4:281 “Essential Functions of Position”—Alternate
§4:290 Inability to Perform Essential Functions
§4:300 “Substantially Limited” in any Major Life Activity
§4:301 “Substantially Limits”
§4:310 Effect of Receipt of Social Security Benefits
3. Reasonable Accommodation
§4:320 “Reasonable Accommodation”
§4:330 “Reasonable Accommodation”—Benefits and
Privileges
§4:340 Examples
§4:350 Plaintiff’s Burden
§4:360 Plaintiff’s Suggestions
§4:370 Discussions About Reasonable Accommodation
§4:380 Failure to Request Reasonable Accommodation
§4:390 Transfer as Reasonable Accommodation
§4:400 Requirements for Reassignment
§4:410 Accommodation of Absences
§4:420 Good Faith Effort to Make Reasonable Accommodation
§4:430 Requested or Best Reasonable Accommodation
§4:431 Business Judgment
4. Causes of Action
a. Disparate Treatment
§4:440 Plaintiff’s Burden of Proof
§4:441 Plaintiff’s Burden of Proof—Alternate (Specific
Accommodation Identified)
(1) Indirect Evidence (“Pretext Cases”)
(a) McDonnell Douglas Instruction Set
§4:450 McDonnell Douglas Analysis
§4:460 Elements of Cause of Action—Essential Functions
§4:470 Elements of Cause of Action—Qualified Person with a
Disability
§4:480 Lawful (Legitimate, Nondiscriminatory) Reason
§4:490 “Pretext”
(b) Motivating Factor (Ultimate Issue) Instruction Set
§4:500 Essential Elements
§4:501 Essential Elements (Actual Disability) Alternate
§4:502 Essential Elements (Perceived Disability)
§4:510 Pretext
§4:520 “Motivating Factor”
§4:530 Interrogatory—Disability Was Motivating Factor
§4:540 Interrogatory—Because of Disability
§4:550 Constructive Discharge
§4:551 Constructive Discharge—Alternate
§4:560 Interrogatories for Borderline Pretext/Mixed Motive Constructive
Discharge Case
(2) Direct Evidence (Mixed Motive Cases)
§4:570 “Mixed Motive” Case
§4:580 Interrogatory—Mixed-Motive
§4:590 Interrogatories To Elicit Findings in Borderline Pretext/Mixed
Motive Case
(3) Verdict Form
§4:600 Verdict Form—Disparate Treatment
b. Disparate Impact
§4:610 “Disparate Impact”
§4:620 Alternative Employment Practice
§4:630 Consideration of Statistics as Evidence
§4:640 Defense: Business Necessity
c. Retaliation
§4:650 Statutory Language
§4:660 Plaintiff’s Burden of Proof
§4:670 “Mixed Motive” and “Pretext” Cases
§4:680 Prima Facie Case
§4:690 “Adverse Action”
§4:700 Reasonable Basis for Belief Is Sufficient
§4:710 “Acquiescence” and “Adverse Action”
§4:720 Interrogatory—Retaliation
d. Harassment
§4:730 General Liability Instruction
§4:731 Essential Elements (By Supervisor With Tangible Employment
Action)
§4:732 Essential Elements (By Supervisor With No Tangible Employment
Action)
§4:733 Essential Elements (By Nonsupervisor With No Tangible Employment
Action)
§4:740 Hostile or Abusive Work Environment—Essential Elements
§4:750 Reasonable Person Standard
§4:760 “Supervisory Status”
§4:770 “Tangible Employment Action”
§4:780 “Unwelcome Conduct”
§4:790 Liability When No Tangible Employment Action Taken
§4:800 Defense
§4:801 Affirmative Defense (For Use in Cases with No Tangible
Employment Action
§4:810 Respondeat Superior Liability
§4:820 Interrogatories—Harassment
§4:830 Verdict Form—Harassment
5. Evidentiary Issues
§4:840 Speculation
§4:850 Statements Made in the Workplace
6. Defenses
a. General Defenses
§4:860 Business Judgment
§4:870 Business Judgment—Short Form
b. Affirmative Defenses
(1) Undue Hardship
§4:880 “Undue Hardship”
§4:881 “Undue Hardship”—Alternate
§4:890 “Undue Hardship”—Burden of Proof
(2) Direct Threat
§4:900 “Direct Threat”
§4:901 “Direct Threat”—Alternate
§4:910 “Direct Threat”—Short Form
(3) After-Acquired Evidence
§4:920 After-Acquired Evidence—Discharge
§4:930 After-Acquired Evidence—Failure To Hire, Failure to
Promote, Demotion
§4:940 After-Acquired Evidence—Failure to Hire—Alternate
§4:950 Consideration of Subsequent Evidence Not Permitted
(4) Same Decision
§4:960 Interrogatory—Same Decision
§4:961 “Same Decision” Instruction
§4:970 Interrogatory—Alternative Grounds for Discharge
7. Damages
a. Actual Damages
§4:980 Actual Damages
§4:981 Actual Damages—Alternate
§4:990 Compensatory Damages—Long Form
§4:1000 Compensatory Damages—Short Form
§4:1010 Value of Lost Medical and Life Insurance Benefits
§4:1020 Future Out of Pocket Expenses
§4:1030 Nonpecuniary Damages
§4:1040 Mitigation of Damages
§4:1050 (Reserved)
b. Backpay
§4:1060 Backpay
§4:1070 Plaintiff Ineligible for Backpay
§4:1080 Unconditional Offer of Employment and Backpay
c. Nominal Damages
§4:1090 Interrogatory—Nominal Damages
§4:1091 Interrogatory—Nominal Damages—Alternate
d. Punitive Damages
§4:1100 Punitive Damages
§4:1101 Punitive Damages—Alternate
§4:1110 Punitive Damages—Multiple Factors
§4:1120 Punitive Damages—Short Form With Definitions
§4:1130 Factors to Be Considered
§4:1140 Liability of Employer
§4:1150 “Managerial Employee”
§4:1160 Liability of a Corporation
§4:1170 Vicarious Liability—Scope of Employment
§4:1171 “Good Faith” Defense to Compensatory and Punitive
Damages
§4:1180 Interrogatory—Punitive Damages
e. All Damages
§4:1190 Interrogatory—All Damages
B. Rehabilitation Act
1. Overview
§4:1200 Statutory Language
§4:1210 “Recipient”
2. Definitions
a. Disability/Handicap
§4:1220 “Handicap”
§4:1230 “Disability”—Long Form
§4:1240 Duration of Handicap
§4:1250 “Record of an Impairment”
§4:1260 “Regarded as Having an Impairment”
§4:1270 Knowledge of Disability
§4:1280 “Physical or Mental Impairment”
§4:1290 “Substantially Limiting Impairment”
§4:1300 Substantially Limiting Impairment—Long Form
§4:1310 “Major Life Activity”
b. Qualified Individual With a Handicap
§4:1320 “Qualified Individual With a Handicap”
§4:1330 Inability to Perform Job
3. Reasonable Accommodation
§4:1340 “Reasonable Accommodation”
§4:1350 “Undue Hardship”
§4:1360 “Adverse Employment Action”
4. Elements of Cause of Action
§4:1370 “Discriminatory Animus”
§4:1380 Essential Elements
§4:1390 Elements of Claim—Long Form
§4:1400 Interrogatory—Direct Threat
5. Damages
§4:1410 Mitigation of Damages
§4:1420 Compensatory Damages
CHAPTER 5. RELIGIOUS DISCRIMINATION
I. Introduction
A. Title VII Claims
1. Overview
§5:00 Coverage
§5:10 Procedural Matters
§5:20 Remedies
§5:20.10 Intentional Discrimination
§5:20.20 Mixed Motive Cases
§5:20.30 After-Acquired Evidence
2. Theories of Discrimination
§5:30 Disparate Treatment Cases
§5:30.10 Indirect/Burden-Shifting Method
§5:30.10.10 Prima Facie Case
§5:30.10.20 Defense
§5:30.10.30 Rebuttal
§5:30.20 Direct Evidence (“Mixed Motive”)
§5:40 Disparate Impact Cases
§5:50 Religious Harassment
§5:50.10 Quid Pro Quo
§5:50.20 Hostile Environment
§5:50.30 Comparison With Sexual Harassment Causes of Action
§5:60 Failure to Accommodate Religious Practices
§5:60.10 Introduction
§5:60.20 Elements of Cause of Action
§5:60.20.10 Prima Facie Case
§5:60.20.20 Defense
§5:60.30 Reasonable Accommodation
§5:60.30.10 Defendant’s Duty
§5:60.30.20 Plaintiff’s Duty
§5:60.40 Undue Hardship
3. Defenses
§5:70 General Defenses
§5:80 Affirmative Defenses
B. Section 1983 Claims
§5:90 Section 1983
II. JURY INSTRUCTIONS, INTERROGATORIES,
AND VERDICT FORMS
A. Title VII Claims
1. Overview
§5:100 Introductory Instruction
§5:110 Statutory Language
§5:120 Scope of Prohibition Against Religious Discrimination
§5:130 Statute of Limitations and Continuing Violations
§5:140 Interrogatory Regarding Statute of Limitations
2. Theories of Discrimination
a. Disparate Treatment Cases
§5:150 Direct vs. Indirect Evidence
(1) Indirect/Circumstantial Evidence
(a) Prima Facie Case Instruction Set
§5:160 Summary of Case
§5:170 Prima Facie Case
§5:180 Legitimate, Nondiscriminatory Reason
§5:190 Pretext
(b) Motivating Factor (Ultimate Issue) Instruction Set
(i) Elements
§5:200 Disparate Treatment—Motivating Factor
§5:210 Disparate Treatment—Determinative Factor
§5:220 Constructive Discharge
§5:230 Constructive Discharge—“Intolerable”
§5:240 Instructions and Interrogatories to Elicit Findings in
Borderline Pretext/Mixed Motive Constructive Discharge Case
(ii) Motivating Factor
§5:250 Motivating Factor—Explanation
§5:260 “Motivating Factor”—Consideration
§5:270 “Motivating Factor”—Factor That Played a Part
§5:280 “Motivating Factor”—Substantial Role
§5:290 Interrogatory—Motivating Factor
(2) Direct Evidence
§5:300 Direct Evidence: “Mixed Motive” Case
§5:310 Interrogatory for Use in Mixed-Motive Case
§5:320 Interrogatories—Same Decision
§5:330 Interrogatories—Borderline Pretext/Mixed Motive Cases
(3) Disparate Treatment Verdict Form
§5:340 Verdict Form—Disparate Treatment
b. Disparate Impact
§5:350 “Disparate Impact”
§5:360 “Alternative Employment Practice“
§5:370 Consideration of Statistics as Evidence
§5:380 Pattern or Practice Claim
§5:390 Defense: Business Necessity
§5:400 Jury Questions
c. Failure to Accommodate Religious Practices
§5:410 Prima Facie Case
§5:420 Hypothetical Hardship
§5:430 Employer’s Duty
§5:440 Temporary Accommodation
§5:450 Defenses to Accommodation Claim
d. Religious Harassment
§5:460 “Religious Harassment”
(1) Types of Religious Harassment
(a) Quid Pro Quo
§5:470 Elements
(b) Hostile Environment Harassment
§5:480 “Hostile Environment”
§5:490 “Hostile Environment”—Discriminatory
Intimidation, Ridicule
§5:500 Hostile Environment—Essential Elements
§5:501 Essential Elements (By Supervisor With Tangible Employment
Action)
§5:502 Essential Elements (By Supervisor With No Tangible Employment
Action)
§5:503 Essential Elements (By Nonsupervisor With No Tangible Employment
Action)
§5:510 Unwelcome Conduct
(2) Considerations
§5:520 Factors to Be Considered in Hostile Environment Claim
§5:530 Reasonable Person Standard
§5:540 Totality of Circumstances
(3) Defenses
§5:550 Affirmative Defense
§5:551 Affirmative Defense (For Use in Cases with No Tangible
Employment Action)
§5:560 Employer’s Policy Against Harassment and Knowledge of
Harassment
§5:570 Grievance Procedure Insufficient
§5:580 Respondeat Superior Liability
(4) Interrogatories
§5:590 Interrogatories—Harassment
3. Evidentiary Issues
§5:600 Sincere Belief
§5:610 Speculation
§5:620 Inference
§5:630 Statements Made in the Workplace
§5:640 Statements Made in the Workplace—Need Not Be Same Actor or
Timeframe
§5:650 Statements Made in the Workplace—Example
§5:660 High Percentage of Employees with Same Religious Belief
§5:670 “Pattern or Practice”
§5:680 Statistics
4. Defenses
a. General Defenses
§5:690 Business Judgment Decision
§5:700 Business Judgment Decision—Short Form
§5:710 Same Actor Inference
b. Affirmative Defenses
§5:720 Bona Fide Occupational Qualification
§5:730 Bona Fide Occupational Qualification—All Persons in Group
Cannot Perform Effectively
§5:740 Bona Fide Seniority System
§5:750 Bona Fide Seniority System—Religious Accommodation Cases
§5:760 After-Acquired Evidence
5. Damages
§5:770 Actual Damages
§5:780 Nominal Damages
§5:790 Punitive Damages
§5:800 Punitive Damages—Short Form
§5:810 Punitive Damages—Factors to Be Considered
§5:820 Mitigation of Damages
§5:830 Value of Lost Medical and Life Insurance Benefits
§5:840–§5:890 (reserved)
B. §1983 Jury Instructions and Verdict Forms
1. Overview
§5:900 42 U.S.C. §1983 Defined
2. Elements
§5:910 Essential Elements
§5:911 Essential Elements—Alternate
§5:920 Essential Elements—Pretext
§5:930 “Motivating Factor”
§5:931 Motivating Factor” and “Cause in Fact”
§5:940 “Motivating Factor”—Factor That Played a Part
3. Liability of State and Municipal Actors
§5:950 “Under Color of Law”
§5:951 “Under Color of Law”—Alternate
§5:960 Municipal Liability
§5:970 “Official Policy”
§5:980 “Deliberate Indifference”
§5:990 Official Policy Makers
4. Damages
§5:1000 Nominal Damages
§5:1010 Actual Damages
§5:1020 Punitive Damages
5. Verdict Form
§5:1030 Verdict Form
CHAPTER 6. FAIR LABOR STANDARDS ACT
I. INTRODUCTION
§6:00 Overview
§6:10 Enforcement
§6:20 Remedies
II. JURY INSTRUCTIONS, INTERROGATORIES, VERDICT FORMS
A. Generally
§6:30 Broad Instruction
§6:40 Construction
§6:50 Employer’s Burden of Proof
B. Employer Exemptions Based on Employee’s Position
1. Executives
§6:60 Long Test
§6:70 Short Test
§6:80 Authority to Hire or Fire
§6:90 Discretionary Powers
§6:100 Primary Duty
2. Administrators
§6:110 Long Test
§6:120 Short Test
3. Professionals
§6:130 Long Test
§6:140 Short Test
4. Other Employees
§6:150 Outside Salesman
5. Interrogatories
§6:160 Exemption Interrogatory
C. Determining Employee’s Compensable Hours
§6:170 Attendance at Lectures, Meetings, and Training Programs
§6:180 Training Not Directly Related to Employee’s Job
§6:190 Voluntary Attendance at Lectures, Meetings and Training Programs
§6:200 Suffered or Permitted to Work
§6:210 Meal Periods
§6:220 “Subject-to-call” Time
D. Determining Compensation Due Employee
§6:230 Commission Payments
§6:240 Employee Working at Two or More Rates
§6:250 Monthly Salary
§6:260 Payments Other Than Cash
§6:270 Piece-Worker
§6:280 Weekly Commission
§6:290 Day Rates and Job Rates
§6:300 Weekly Salary
§6:310 Travel Away From Home
§6:320 Travel Time
§6:330 Volunteer Work
§6:340 Work Performed While Traveling
§6:350 Overtime Interrogatory
E. Other Defenses
§6:360 Statute of Limitations
§6:370 Statute of Limitations—Interrogatory
§6:380 28-Day Work Period
F. Remedies
§6:390 Damages
§6:400 Damages Interrogatory
CHAPTER 7. FEDERAL CREDIT UNION ACT
I. Overview
§7:10 Introduction
II. Jury Instructions and Interrogatories
§7:20 Interrogatory
§7:30 Statutory Language
§7:40 Report to Governmental Agency
§7:50 Elements of Claim
§7:60 Damages
CHAPTER 8. FAMILY AND MEDICAL LEAVE ACT
I. INTRODUCTION
§8:10 Overview
§8:11 Notice requirements
§8:12 Certification requirements
§8:20 Causes of Action
§8:30 Remedies
II. JURY INSTRUCTIONS, INTERROGATORIES, VERDICT FORMS
A. GENERALLY
§8:40 Statute Defining FMLA Claim for Denial of Request for Leave
§8:50 Statute Defining FMLA Claim for Discrimination
§8:60 Statute Defining FMLA claim for Retaliation
§8:70 “Employer” Defined
§8:80 Individual Liability for a Supervisor
§8:90 Joint Employers
§8:100 “Eligible Employee” Defined
§8:110 “Serious Health Condition” Defined
§8:120 “Serious Health Condition” Defined (Eighth Circuit)
§8:130 “Serious Health Condition” Defined -Alternate
§8:140 “Employment Benefits” Defined
§8:150 “Health Care Provider” Defined
§8:160 “Health Care Provider” Defined (Eighth Circuit)
§8:170 “Appropriate Notice”—Leave Foreseeable, Defined
§8:180 “Appropriate Notice”—Leave Unforeseeable, Defined
§8:190 “Parent” Defined
§8:200 “Son or Daughter” Defined
§8:210 “In Loco Parentis” Defined
§8:220 “Needed to Care For” Defined
B. CAUSES OF ACTION UNDER THE FMLA
1. Denial of Request for Leave
§8:230 Elements of Prima Facie Case
§8:240 Intent Not an Issue
§8:250 Plaintiff’s Burden
§8:260 Plaintiff’s Burden -Alternate
§8:270 Certification Requirements
§8:280 Employee’s Entitlement to Leave
§8:290 Limitation on Entitlement to Leave for
Birth or Placement of Child
§8:300 Spouses Employed by the Same Employer
§8:310 Intermittent Leave for Birth or Placement of Child
§8:320 Intermittent Leave for a Serious Health Condition
§8:330 Intermittent Leave-Alternative Position
§8:340 Entitlement to Maintenance of Health Benefits
§8:350 Entitlement to Maintenance of Other Benefits
§8:360 Liability of Joint Employers
§8:370 “Primary Employer” Defined
2. Right to Reinstatement
§8:380 Right to Reinstatement
§8:390 “Equivalent Position” Defined
§8:400 “Equivalent Position” Defined (Eighth Circuit)
§8:410 “Equivalent Position” Defined-Alternate
§8:420 Equivalent Position—Educational Employers
§8:430 Loss of Employment Benefits
§8:440 Failure to Reinstate—Essential Elements (Employee with a
Serious Health Condition)
§8:450 Failure to Reinstate—Essential Elements (Employee Needed to
Care for a Spouse, Son or Daughter with a Serious Health Condition)
§8:460 Failure to Reinstate—Essential Elements (Employee Leave for
Birth, Adoption or Foster Care)
§8:470 Exception to Job Restoration (Employee Would Not Have Been
Employed at Time of Reinstatement)
§8:480 Right to Reinstatement-Limitation I
§8:490 Right to Reinstatement-Limitation I—Alternate
§8:500 Right to Reinstatement-Limitation II
§8:510 Right to Reinstatement-Limitation II- Alternate
§8:520 Right to Reinstatement-Key Employee
§8:530 Exception to Job Restoration (Key Employee)
§8:540 “Key Employee” Defined
§8:550 Substantial and Grievous Economic Injury
§8:560 Substantial and Grievous Economic Injury- Alternate
a. Instructional Employees under the FMLA
§8:570 Intermittent Leave for Instructional Employees of a Local
Educational Agency or Private Elementary or Secondary School
§8:580 Leave More than Five Weeks Prior to End of Term
§8:590 Leave Less than Five Weeks Prior to End of Term
§8:600 Leave Less Than Three Weeks Prior to End of Term
b. Interrogatories
§8:610 Failure to Comply with FMLA
§8:620 Failure to Restore to Same or Equivalent Position
3. Discrimination and Retaliation Claims
§8:630 Direct v. Indirect Evidence
§8:640 Direct Evidence—FMLA Leave as Motivating Factor
§8:650 Direct Evidence—Same Decision
§8:660 Indirect Evidence—Elements of a Prima Facie Case
§8:670 Wrongful Termination—Essential Elements (Employee with a
Serious Health Condition)
§8:680 Wrongful Termination—Essential Elements (Employee Needed to
Care for Spouse, Parent, Son or Daughter with a Serious Health Condition)
§8:690 Wrongful Termination—Essential Elements (Employee Leave for
Birth, Adoption or Foster Care)
§8:700 Discrimination/Retaliation Prima Facie Case—Alternate
§8:710 Hiring Replacement is Not Adverse
Employment Decision
§8:720 Legitimate Non-Discriminatory Reason
§8:730 Pretext
§8:740 Method of Proving Pretext
§8:750 Elements of Cause of Action
§8:760 “Motivating Factor”
§8:770 Motivating Factor (Ultimate Issue)
§8:780 Constructive Discharge Instruction
§8:790 Constructive Discharge—Alternate
4. Interrogatories
§8:800 Intent
§8:810 Same Decision
§8:820 “Same Decision” Instruction (Eighth Circuit)
§8:830 Retaliation
§8:840 Denial of Benefits
C. DAMAGES
§8:850 Instruction Not an Indication of Entitlement
§8:860 Damages Available
§8:870 “Other Compensation” Defined
§8:880 Limitation on Backpay—Plaintiff Unable
to Return to Work
§8:890 Value of Lost Medical and Life Insurance Benefits
§8:900 Good Faith Interrogatory for Liquidated Damages Defense
§8:910 Good Faith Defense to Liquidated Damages
§8:920 Backpay Damages
§8:930 Actual Damages
§8:940 Mitigation of Damages
§8:950 Mitigation of Damages—Alternate I
§8:960 Mitigation of Damages—Alternate II
D. VERDICT FORMS
§8:970 Retaliation/Discrimination
CHAPTER 9. RETALIATORY DISCHARGE IN
VIOLATION OF STATUTORY AND CONSTITUTIONAL LAW (42 U.S.C. § 1983)
I. INTRODUCTION
§9:00 Overview
§9:10 First Amendment—Speech and Expression Claims
§9:10.10 Action by Public Employer
§9:10.20 Plaintiff’s Burden
§9:10.30 Employer’s Burden
§9:10.40 “Matter of Public Concern”
§9:10.50 Affirmative Defense
§9:20 First Amendment—Other Rights Protected
§9:30 Fourteenth Amendment—Due Process Claims
§9:40 Fourteenth Amendment—Equal Protection Claims
§9:50 State Liability
§9:60 Municipal Liability
§9:70 Government Officials Performing Discretionary Functions
§9:80 Damages
§9:90 [Reserved]
II. JURY INSTRUCTIONS
A. General § 1983
§9:100 42 U.S.C. § 1983
B. First Amendment
§9:110 Violation of First Amendment
§9:120 Burdens of Proof
§9:130 “Matter of Public Concern”
§9:140 Employee Interest vs. Employer Interest
§9:150 “Substantial or Motivating Factor”
§9:160 Employer Knowledge
§9:170 Adverse Employment Action
§9:171 Adverse Employment Decision—Exercise of First Amendment
Rights—Fifth Circuit
§9:180 Employer Defense—Burden
§9:190 Employer Defense—Same Decision
C. First Amendment—Evidentiary Issues
§9:200 Speech / Expression
§9:201 Public Employee— First Amendment
Claim—Discharge/Failure to Promote—Free Speech on Matter of Public
Concern—Eleventh Circuit
§9:202 Public Employee—First Amendment
Claim—Discharge/Failure to
Promote—Free
Speech on Matter of Public Concern—Special Interrogatories—Eleventh Circuit
§9:210 Religion
Comments
§9:220 Public Forum
Comments
§9:230 Political Patronage
§9:240 Political Affiliation as Appropriate Job Qualification
§9:241 Public Employee—First Amendment—Discharge/Failure to
Promote—Political
Disloyalty—Key Employee—Eleventh Circuit
§9:242 Public Employee—First Amendment—Discharge/Failure to
Promote—Political
Disloyalty—Key Employee—Special Interrogatories—Eleventh Circuit
D. Fourteenth Amendment
§9:250 Procedural Due Process
§9:260 Property Interest—Permanent Employee
§9:270 Property Interest—Probationary Employee
§9:280 Entitlement to Property Interest
§9:290 Substantive Due Process
§9:300 Equal Protection
E. Employer Liability
§9:310 State Employers—Absolute Immunity
§9:320 Municipal Employers
§9:330 Municipal Officials
§9:340 Individuals—Qualified Immunity
§9:350 Qualified Immunity—Violation of Rights
§9:360 Qualified Immunity—Clearly Established Law
F. Damages
§9:370 Front Pay
§9:380 Reinstatement
§9:390 Compensatory [No Punitives vs. Public Employer]
CHAPTER 10. SECTION 301 BREACH OF CONTRACT/
BREACH OF FIDUCIARY DUTY CLAIMS
I. INTRODUCTION
§10:00 Overview
II. JURY INSTRUCTIONS
§10:10 Employee’s Claim Against Employer and Union—Fifth
Circuit
§10:20 Duty of Fair Representation—Elements and Burden of
Proof—Hybrid Claim—Ninth Circuit
§10:30 Duty of Fair Representation—Hybrid
Claim—Damages—Ninth Circuit
§10:40 Damages—Apportionment of Back Pay Between Union and
Employer
§10:50 Interrogatory—Breach of Duty of Fair Representation
§10:60 Doctrine of Contra Proferentem—Interpretation of Collective
Bargaining Agreement
§10:70 Illusory Promises—Collective Bargaining Agreement
§10:80 Nature of Retiree Benefits
§10:90 Understanding of Contract
BIBLIOGRAPHY
TABLE OF CASES
INDEX |
